Assimilation Effects Research Articles

The Impact of AI Assimilation on Firm Performance in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Moderated Multi-Mediation Model

Artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced technologies are increasingly recognized as essential catalysts for enhancing productivity due to their capability to transform nearly all operations within and outside firms. However, the empirical research on how AI assimilation may promote firm-level outcomes such as absorptive capacity (AC), customer agility (CA), and firm performance (FP) is still in its infancy. Drawing from the dynamic capability view and using 417 valid responses collected through cross-sectional methods from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon, this study examines the effect of AI assimilation on firm performance. The mediating roles of AC and CA were investigated. The moderating role of organizational agility (OA) was also explored. The findings support the hypothesized assumptions that continual advancement of technology evolves the industrial organizations' performance with CA and AC as parallel mediators, partially mediating the link between AI assimilation and FP and OA as a moderator, moderating the positive relationship between AI and CA and between AI and FP. The findings provide crucial insights for practitioners and advance the dynamic capability view framework. They provide compelling evidence that enriches the understanding of AI assimilation, demonstrating its positive impact on critical organizational outcomes and yielding performance benefits for SMEs.

Impact of Assimilation of the Tropical Cyclone Strong Winds Observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar on Analyses and Forecasts

Abstract A few high-wind observations have been obtained from satellites over the ocean around tropical cyclones (TCs), but the impact of data assimilation of such observations over the sea on forecasting has not been clear. The spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides high-resolution and wide-area ocean surface wind speed data around the center of a TC. In this study, the impact of data assimilation of the ocean surface wind speed of SAR (OWSAR) on regional model forecasts was investigated. The assimilated data were estimated from SAR on board Sentinel-1 and RADARSAT-2. The bias of OWSAR depends on wind speed, the observation error variance depends on wind speed and incidence angle, and the spatial observation error correlation depends on the incidence angle. The observed OWSAR is screened using the variational quality control method with the Huber norm. In the case of Typhoon Hagibis (2019), OWSAR assimilation modified the TC low-level inflow, which also modified the TC upper-level outflow. The propagation of this OWSAR assimilation effect from the surface to the upper troposphere was given by a four-dimensional variational method that searches for the optimal solution within strong constraints on the time evolution of the forecast model. Statistical validation confirmed that errors in the TC intensity forecast decreased over lead times of 15 h, but this was not statistically significant. The validation using wind profiler observations showed that OWSAR assimilation significantly improved the accuracy of wind speed predictions from the middle to the upper level of the troposphere. Significance Statement The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the impact of the assimilation of ocean surface wind speed by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on regional model predictions. In the case of tropical cyclones, ocean surface wind speed assimilation modified inflows in the lower layer and outflows in the upper layer. The results indicate that the SAR assimilation improves the accuracy of wind speed forecasts in the middle to upper troposphere.

All‐sky assimilation of FY‐4A AGRI water vapor channels: An observing system experiment study for south Asian monsoon prediction

AbstractIn this study, a month‐long parallel experiment is conducted to assess the assimilation effects of all‐sky radiance (ASR) versus clear‐sky radiance (CSR) in the single and multiple water vapor (WV) channels provided by the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) onboard the Fengyun‐4A (FY‐4A) satellite. The Weather Research and Forecasting model data assimilation system (WRFDA) is utilized for assimilating the FY‐4A AGRI WV observations. Compared with the CSR, the assimilated data of the ASR increases by ~1.7 times in WV channel 9 and around 2.4 times in the multiple WV channels (channels 9 and 10). Both the CSR and ASR assimilation results demonstrate that the simulated brightness temperature (TB) from the WRF analyses is closer to the TB observations from Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d'Humidite Intertropicale par Radiometrie (SAPHIR) channels 1–2 and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) channel 3, as compared with the control experiment where only conventional data are assimilated. Furthermore, a larger improvement is noted in assimilation of multiple WV channel against assimilation of a single WV channel for both CSR and ASR runs. Overall, the analyses and forecasts generated from the ASR run exhibit superior performance compared with the CSR run when verified against SAPHIR and MHS measurements, as well as the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) analyses. The verification of the rainfall predicted by the WRF against the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) products over India indicates that the assimilation of the ASR in multiple WV channels has the largest impact on rainfall prediction. Moreover, the ASR run demonstrates an accurate prediction of heavy rainfall events that are missed in the control experiment and underestimated in the CSR run.

Feeling bored, seeking more? The assimilation and contrast effect of environmental monotony on variety seeking behavior

It has been widely documented that contextual factors affect variety-seeking behavior differently. Our research investigates whether environmental monotony, which refers to the extent to which one's living condition (including the physical environment and social environment) remains unchanged and lacks variety, affects actual variety-seeking behavior. Four studies, including two online investigations and two lab experiments, were conducted under the Chinese anti-COVID policies. We found that physical environmental monotony would stimulate variety-seeking behavior as a contrast effect, while social environmental monotony showed an assimilation effect, which reduces variety-seeking. We further revealed that the diverse impact of these two kinds of monotonies was due to opposite changes in the tendency of individuals to be materialistic. Contributions and future directions were also discussed.

Study on the tropical cyclone-generated waves after ensemble-based assimilation of multi-mission satellite altimeters

The third-generation wave model, WAVEWATCH III, is adopted for numerical simulation during the 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season (AHS). This study examines the effects of data assimilation using significant wave height (SWH) from six satellite altimeters, notably the CRYOSAT-2, JASON-3, SENTINEL-3A, SENTINEL-3B, HY-2B, and CFOSAT. Two packages of wind input and wave dissipation (ST4 and ST6) are compared during 22 tropical cyclones, revealing that ST4 is better suited for farshore regions, while ST6 is more appropriate for nearshore areas. Additionally, satellite assimilation has the potential to enhance the predictive capabilities of wave models using diverse parameterization schemes. In farshore regions characterized by high sea conditions and distances less than 200 km from satellite data, a significant reduction in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is evident in assimilation experiments, with the degree of improvement escalating as more satellite altimeters are assimilated. Moreover, when model simulations display substantial negative biases, the assimilation of additional altimeters effectively rectifies these biases. However, in nearshore areas, substantial enhancements resulting from increased satellite data assimilation are observable only when the distance to the nearest satellite data is less than 50 km. Future assimilation endeavors should contemplate the inclusion of in-situ observations from nearshore sites.

Adapting for Well-Being: Examining Acculturation Strategies and Mental Health among Latina Immigrants

This study investigates how assimilation and integration, two commonly studied acculturation forms, help immigrant Latinas cope with acculturative stress and related psychological distress. It employs the Ecological Framework for Understanding Immigration (EFUI), merging Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory and the Socioecological Model as a comprehensive approach. Through multigroup analysis, various factors significantly affect the psychological distress of immigrant Latinas, including financial constraints, contentment with migration decisions, age, and adherence to familial values. Acculturative stress relates to English proficiency, racial discrimination experiences, U.S. residency duration, and contentment with the migration choice. The moderating effects of assimilation and integration vary, influencing psychological distress and acculturative stress differently in each group. In conclusion, this study uncovers complex coping mechanisms used by immigrant Latina individuals facing acculturative stress and highlights the protective role of assimilation, the importance of familismo, the impact of financial constraints, and the significance of racial discrimination. This finding underscores the need for mental health interventions to respect and incorporate Latinx individuals’ cultural values and beliefs, promoting positive mental health outcomes.

The Impact of Assimilating Cirrus‐Effected Infrared Satellite Radiance From the FY‐4A AGRI on Water Vapor Analysis and Rainstorm Forecasting

AbstractIn this study, a method for assimilating FY4A advanced geostationary radiance imager (AGRI) cirrus‐effected radiances (CER) is investigated, and the impact of this method on water vapor analysis and rainstorm forecasting is examined through observing system simulation experiments and actual case experiments. The high proportion of inverted humidity profiles in the cirrus‐effected pixels is the main reason for the negative effect of assimilation in the mid‐to‐lower troposphere. To address this, relevant constraint conditions are incorporated into the cost function. The statistical results reveal that the addition of a CER assimilation improves the analysis increment of water vapor, with pattern correlation coefficients of 0.33, 0.35, and 0.20 at 200, 300, and 400 hPa, respectively, which are greater than those of a clear‐sky radiance assimilation (0.28, 0.33, and 0.17, respectively). Moreover, the inclusion of a CER assimilation greatly improves data utilization, and has a neutral to positive effect on precipitation forecasting.

귀국 직장인의 민족정체성과 심리사회적 적응의 관계

Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the moderated mediating effect of the acculturation strategy on the relationship with the impact of changed ethnic identity on reverse cultural shock and psychological social adaption to adults who returned to work after living abroad.
 Methods The survey was conducted between February 22 and March 27, 2020 on 202 adults who returned to Korea and are working after living abroad for at least 3 years, and collected data that did not consent to the collec-tion and use of personal information, excluding those, 199 copies were used as final analysis data. The mediation effect, the moderation effect and the moderated mediating effect were analyzed through SPSS 25.0 and SPSS Macro.
 Results The results were as follows; The reverse culture shock was significant on the relationship between the ethnic identity and psychological social adaption. Also the moderation effect of assimilation and separation strat-egies was verified on the relationship between reverse cultural shock and psychological social adaption even though there was a limitation in investigating the moderated mediating effect of the integration strategy, which is a sub-strategies of acculturation strategy due to the reliability problem. Lastly, assimilation and separation strategies moderated the mediating effect of reverse cultural shock between internalized ethnic identity and psy-chological social adaption.
 Conclusions These findings showed the impact of ethnic identity and reverse cultural shock on psychological so-cial adaptation, and high level of assimilation and low level of separation strategies were expected to be risks for psychological social adaptation. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

Evaluating past emotions in changing facial expressions: The role of current emotions and culture.

Facial expressions in daily life typically change from one emotional state to another. To understand how people process emotions, it is important to know not only how current facial expressions are interpreted but also recent past expressions. While researchers have recently focused on perceptions of current expressions, little is known about how past expressions are gauged and about cultural differences in this process. The present research investigated whether and how evaluations of past facial expressions are influenced by subsequent expressions, and whether this process varies across East Asian and Western cultures. Specifically, Chinese and Canadian participants judged the degree of positivity/negativity of past expressions after viewing expressions that changed from past emotions-low-intensity smiles (Experiment 1), high-intensity smiles (Experiment 2), and anger (Experiment 3)-to current positive or negative emotions (collected between 2019 and 2020). All three experiments consistently found an assimilation effect, whereby past expressions were rated more positively when the current expression was positive than when the current expression was negative. Moreover, this assimilation effect was consistently greater in Chinese than in Canadian participants. Together, these findings suggest that the interpretation of past facial expressions assimilates toward the valence of subsequent expressions and that the impact of this temporal emotional context is more pronounced in Eastern relative to Western cultures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The use of innovative technologies for teaching the humanities

The study of the flipped classroom methods is important for improving the quality of education and the effectiveness of learning in the context of modern technological changes and growing interest in distance education. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of the flipped classroom model in learning a foreign language for professional purposes. Testing was used to diagnose the effectiveness of assimilation of educational material, which included various types of tasks: multiple response, error correction, matching, fill in the blanks, open-ended tasks, completed responses. The total number of tasks is 25 (5 for each type) and questionnaires to determine the level of satisfaction with educational video materials and online learning. Tests and questionnaires were pre-validated according to the research objectives. The obtained results (χ2emp = 8.095 > χ2 0.05 = 7.815) gave grounds to conclude that the blended learning model of flipped classroom in the development of foreign language competence is more effective than traditional learning. The experiment showed that this format helps students implement an individual learning trajectory, which contributes to improving academic performance. It was determined that the effectiveness of using this model depends on the quality of video materials and students’ ability to organize their own independent work. The prospects of further research фку the study of the influence of the application of the flipped classroom model on the students’ learning motivation.

The Impact of Satellite Soil Moisture Data Assimilation on the Hydrological Modeling of SWAT in a Highly Disturbed Catchment

The potential of satellite soil moisture (SM) in improving hydrological modeling has been addressed in synthetic experiments, but it is less explored in real data cases. Here, we investigate the added value of Soil Moisture and Passive (SMAP) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) SM data to distributed hydrological modeling with the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) in a highly human disturbed catchment (126, 486 km2) featuring a network of SM and streamflow observations. The investigation is based on the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) considering SM errors from satellite data using the triple collocation. The assimilation of SMAP and ASCAT SM improved the surface (0–10 cm) and rootzone (10–30 cm) SM at >70% and > 50% stations of the basin, respectively. However, the assimilation effects on distributed streamflow simulation of the basin are un-significant and not robust. SM assimilation improved the simulated streamflow at two upstream stations, while it deteriorated the streamflow at the remaining stations. This can be largely attributed to the poor vertical soil water coupling of SWAT, suboptimal model parameters, satellite SM data quality, humid climate, and human disturbance to rainfall-runoff processes. This study offers strong evidence of integrating satellite SM into hydrological modeling in improving SM estimation and provides implications for achieving the added value of remotely sensed SM in streamflow improvement.

Sr- and Nd-Isotope Geochemical Effects of Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC) Processes in the Heterogeneous Crust: The Example of Ferrobasites from the Ladoga Graben (Karelia, Russia)

Sr- and Nd-Isotope Geochemical Effects of Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC) Processes in the Heterogeneous Crust: The Example of Ferrobasites from the Ladoga Graben (Karelia, Russia)

Primary Impact Evaluation of Surface Temperature Observations for Microwave Temperature Sounding Data Assimilation over Land

Observations from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) onboard polar-orbiting satellites are considered to be the most effective satellite data in terms of obviously reducing operational prediction errors. However, there are still significant difficulties in the application of AMSU-A low-level channel data assimilation over land. One of them is the inaccurate surface skin temperature (SKT) of the background on land areas, which leads to significant uncertainty in the accuracy of simulating brightness temperature (BT) in these channels. Therefore, improving the accuracy of SKT in the background field is a direct way to improve the assimilation effect of these low-level channel data over land. In this study, both high-spatio-temporal-resolution automatic weather station (AWS) observation data from China in September 2021 and the AMSU-A observation data from NOAA-15/18/19 and MetOp-A were used. Based on the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF-ARW) and Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) assimilation system, we first analyzed the differences in SKT between AWS observations and model simulations and then attempted to directly replace the simulated SKT with the observation data. On this basis, the differences in BT simulation effects over the land area of Southwest China before and after replacement were meticulously analyzed and compared. In addition, the impacts of SKT replacement in areas with different terrain elevations and in cloudy areas were also evaluated. The results indicate that the SKTs of background fields were generally lower than the surface observations, whereas the diurnal variation in SKT was not well simulated. After replacing the SKT of the background field with station observations, the BT differences between the observation and background (O–B, observation minus background) were remarkably reduced, especially for channels 3–5 and 15 of the AMSU-A. The volume of data passing the GSI quality control significantly increased, and the standard deviation of O–B decreased. Further analysis showed that the improvement effect was better in areas at an elevation above 1600 m. Moreover, introducing SKT observations leads to a significant and stable improvement over BT simulations in cloudy areas over land.

Impact of HY‐2B SMR radiance assimilation on CMA global medium‐range weather forecasts

AbstractThe Chinese second ocean dynamic environment satellite Haiyang‐2B (HY‐2B) was successfully launched on October 25, 2018, carrying a scanning microwave radiometer (SMR) to provide information about the ocean and atmosphere. For the first time, this study investigated the impact of radiance data from the HY‐2B SMR in the four‐dimensional variational (4DVar) data assimilation system of the Global Forecast System developed by the China Meteorology Administration (CMA‐GFS). Prior to the radiance assimilation, we evaluated the data quality and developed suitable quality control (QC) procedures for the HY‐2B SMR observations. In addition, the cloud liquid water path (CLWP) and ocean wind speed (OWS) were introduced as new bias correction (BC) predictors to remove the systematic bias originating from the forward operator in the CMA‐GFS 4DVar system. The assimilation effects of SMR observations were evaluated through one‐month cycling experiments. Verification with independent observations and reanalysis data has demonstrated that assimilating SMR clear‐sky radiance can greatly reduce the analysis errors for temperature and humidity, while indirectly improving the quality of wind analysis. Furthermore, significant improvements in geopotential height forecasts were found for days 1–5 in the lower troposphere of the tropical region.

NEGATIVE AGE STEREOTYPES TEMPORARILY MAKE YOU FEEL YOUNGER BUT MAKE YOU FEEL OLDER OVER TIME

Abstract Negative age stereotypes have negative, assimilative effects on the subjective aging experience due to internalization processes, but positive contrast effects are reported as well, reflecting dissociation and downward comparisons. Our aim was thus to compare short-term and long-term consequences of age stereotypes on the subjective aging experience, to test the hypothesis that contrast effects are visible cross-sectionally, whereas internalization processes are observed when considering more long-term effects. We assessed age stereotypes and subjective age in a sample of N=459 participants (initial age range 30 – 80 years) from the aging-as-future project (Lang et al., 2022) across three consecutive measurement occasions spanning a longitudinal interval of 10 years. Short-term and long-term effects were estimated with latent change-score models by assessing effects of age stereotypes on the intercepts (cross-sectional) and on the slopes (longitudinal) of subjective age, respectively, while also taking current self-views into account. Age stereotypes had opposite effects on subjective age depending on the time frame. A cross-sectional contrast effect was found (B = -.17, SE = .05, p < .001), whereas longitudinal effects were assimilative in nature (B = .36, SE = .18, p = .04). Our findings support the time-dependent nature of effects of age stereotypes on the subjective aging experience. Negative age stereotypes can temporarily lead to a significant younger subjective age, indicating dissociation from one’s age group and downward comparison. In the long run, however, negative (positive) age stereotypes become internalized into the self-views of older people and are linked to an older (younger) subjective age.

Cultural Assimilation: Identities of Second-Generation Indian Americans

Following the abolition of national origin quotas, the United States witnessed a substantial influx of Asian immigrants, with India accounting for 19 percent of incoming immigrants. Consequently, American society has become a mosaic of diverse cultures, often referred to as a "melting pot" or "salad bowl." However, this cultural diversity has profound implications for the offspring of immigrants, particularly second-generation Indian Americans, as they grapple with the intricate interplay between their Indian heritage and American upbringing. While the extant literature presents divergent viewpoints on the effects of cultural assimilation, it emphatically underscores the imperatives of inclusivity, cultural acceptance, and psychological support in mitigating the cultural and identity conflicts faced by second-generation Indian Americans. The review concludes by advocating for comprehensive interventions that foster a harmonious and inclusive approach to cultural assimilation, striking a delicate balance between the preservation of cultural heritage and the embrace of the enriching multicultural tapestry within the United States.

Assimilation and Evaluation of the COSMIC–2 and Sounding Data in Tropospheric Atmospheric Refractivity Forecasting across the Yellow Sea through an Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave Coupled Model

In this study, a forecasting model was developed based on the COAWST and atmospheric 3D EnVar module to investigate the effects of assimilation of the sounding and COSMIC–2 data on the forecasting of the revised atmospheric refraction. Three groups of 72 h forecasting tests, with assimilation of different data obtained for a period of one month, were constructed over the Yellow Sea. The results revealed that the bias of the revised atmospheric refraction was the lowest if both the sounding and COSMIC–2 data were assimilated. As a result of the assimilation of the hybrid data, the mean bias reduced by 6.09–6.28% within an altitude of 10 km, and the greatest reduction occurred below the altitude of 3000 m. In contrast, the test that assimilated only the sounding data led to an increase in bias at several levels. This increased bias was corrected after the introduction of the COSMIC–2 data, with the mean correction of 1.6 M within the middle and lower troposphere. During the typhoon period, the improvements in the assimilation were more significant than usual. The improved forecasts of the revised atmospheric refraction were mainly due to the moisture changes within the middle and lower troposphere, while the changes in the upper troposphere were influenced by multiple factors.

Bias-blind and bias-aware assimilation of leaf area index into the Noah-MP land surface model over Europe

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) of remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) can help to improve land surface model estimates of energy, water, and carbon variables. So far, most studies have used bias-blind LAI DA approaches, i.e. without correcting for biases between model forecasts and observations. This might hamper the performance of the DA algorithms in the case of large biases in observations or simulations or both. We perform bias-blind and bias-aware DA of Copernicus Global Land Service LAI into the Noah-MP land surface model forced by the ERA5 reanalysis over Europe in the 2002–2019 period, and we evaluate how the choice of bias correction affects estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and soil moisture. In areas with a large LAI bias, the bias-blind LAI DA leads to a reduced bias between observed and modelled LAI, an improved agreement of GPP, ET, and runoff estimates with independent products, but a worse agreement of soil moisture estimates with the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) soil moisture product. While comparisons to in situ soil moisture in areas with weak bias indicate an improvement of the representation of soil moisture climatology, bias-blind LAI DA can lead to unrealistic shifts in soil moisture climatology in areas with strong bias. For example, when the assimilated LAI data in irrigated areas are much higher than those simulated without any irrigation activated, LAI will be increased and soil moisture will be depleted. Furthermore, the bias-blind LAI DA produces a pronounced sawtooth pattern due to model drift between DA updates, because each update pushes the Noah-MP leaf model to an unstable state. This model drift also propagates to short-term estimates of GPP and ET and to internal DA diagnostics that indicate a suboptimal DA system performance. The bias-aware approaches based on a priori rescaling of LAI observations to the model climatology avoid the negative effects of the bias-blind assimilation. They retain the improvements in GPP anomalies from the bias-blind DA but forego improvements in the root mean square deviations (RMSDs) of GPP, ET, and runoff. As an alternative to rescaling, we discuss the implications of our results for model calibration or joint parameter and state update DA, which has the potential to combine bias reduction with optimal DA system performance.

Just visual context or part of the gesture? The role of arm orientation in bent pointing interpretation

Pointing gestures can take on different shapes. For example, people often point with a bent wrist at a referent that is occluded by another object. We hypothesized that while the extrapolation of the index finger is the most important visual cue in such bent pointing gestures, arm orientation is affecting interpretations as well. We tested two competing hypotheses. First, the arm could be processed as a less reliable but additional direction cue also indicating the referent. Consequently, the index finger extrapolation would be biased towards the arm direction (assimilation effect). Second, the arm could be perceived as visual context of the index finger, leading to an interpretation that is repulsed from the arm direction (contrast effect). To differentiate between both, we conducted two experiments in which arm and finger orientation of a virtual pointer were independently manipulated. Participants were asked to determine the pointed-at location. As expected, participants based their interpretations on the extrapolation of the index finger. In line with the second hypothesis, the more the arm was oriented upwards, the lower the point was interpreted and vice versa. Thus, interpretation pattern indicated a contrast effect. Unexpectedly, gestures with aligned arm and index finger deviated from the general contrast effect and were interpreted linearly compared to bent gestures. In sum, the experiments show that interpretations of bent pointing gestures are not only based on the direction of the index finger but also depend on the arm orientation and its relationship to the index finger orientation.

Evaluation of the FY-3E microwave temperature sounding data assimilation on forecasting Typhoon Chanthu (2021)

Fengyun-3E is the first early-morning-orbit polar-orbiting satellite launched by China, which carries the third generation of Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS-3). This instrument has 17 channels and it can provide rich atmospheric temperature observation information at different altitudes. To explore the application value of the MWTS-3 data in assimilation, we selected Typhoon Chanthu in 2021 in this study to evaluate the effect of the MWTS-3 data assimilation on the forecasts of typhoons affecting China. The results show that the simultaneous assimilation of the conventional data and MWTS-3 data can effectively correct the westward error of the typhoon track forecasted by the experiments without assimilation and well predict the track of Typhoon Chanthu along the east coast of China and its stay on the ocean area east of Shanghai. Therefore, the characteristics of the heavy rainfall caused by the typhoon only affecting Shanghai and northeastern Zhejiang are also well reproduced. Compared with the conventional data assimilation, the assimilation of the Fengyun-3E MWTS-3 data provides a more noticeable improvement in the typhoon intensity forecasts, thus allowing better forecasts of the spiral rain belt of the typhoon. The results of the rolling test also proved that MWTS-3 data assimilation has a stable improvement effect on typhoon track forecasts and the forecast skill of precipitation heavier than 5 mm.